Frequently asked questions

Prof. Dr. Hatice Karaman works in medical pathology at Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital. She chairs the Department of Medical Pathology at the University of Health Sciences Kayseri Faculty of Medicine and leads clinical training and administration.

A pathologist identifies disease by examining tissue and cells from a biopsy or operation. Microscopic findings are combined with appropriate laboratory tests, and the pathology report records the diagnosis and features that may help the clinical team plan treatment.

A biopsy obtains a sample of cells or tissue to investigate a possible disease. Samples may be collected with a needle, during endoscopy or through surgery. Pathology then examines the sample; collecting it and interpreting it are complementary stages of diagnosis.

Histology assesses cells together with their arrangement within a tissue sample. Cytology focuses on cells obtained from sources such as a smear, needle sample or body fluid. The type of examination depends on the sampled area and the clinical question being investigated.

The sample is registered and examined visually before laboratory preparation. Thin sections of the tissue are placed on glass slides, stained and assessed under a microscope. Special stains or additional tests may be needed, with the findings brought together in a pathology report.

Immunohistochemistry uses antibodies to reveal particular markers within tissue. It can help distinguish diseases or tumour types that look similar on routine examination. The staining pattern is interpreted alongside the microscopic appearance and other findings.

Molecular pathology investigates genetic changes and other biological markers to clarify disease or characterise a tumour in greater detail. Some findings can help inform treatment options. The appropriate test depends on the disease, the available sample and the clinical question.

HER2 is a biological marker used particularly in breast cancer assessment. Immunohistochemistry evaluates HER2 protein, while SISH is an in situ hybridisation method that assesses copies of the HER2 gene in cells. These findings are considered with other tumour characteristics when planning treatment.

A second review may require the original pathology report, glass slides and, when needed, paraffin tissue blocks. Contact the reviewing institution first to confirm its requirements. Obtaining the material and arranging its transfer should be coordinated with the relevant pathology departments.

Report timing varies with the sample and the examinations required. Special stains, molecular tests or further review may involve additional stages. Ask the laboratory about the expected reporting date, and discuss any tests still listed as pending with the doctor overseeing your care.

A report may include identification and sample details, a visual description, microscopic findings and the diagnosis. When cancer is identified, it may also describe tumour type, grade or surgical margins. Your treating doctor can explain which findings matter for your treatment.

The pathology report is a central source of information about the diagnosis and disease characteristics. Treatment planning also considers the examination, imaging, extent of disease and other tests. Pathology findings therefore contribute to decisions made by the clinical team caring for the patient.